Anabolic steroid - Wikipedia. This article is about androgens as medications. For androgens as natural hormones, see Androgen. Anabolic steroids, also known more properly as anabolic- androgenic steroids (AAS). They are anabolic and increase protein within cells, especially in skeletal muscles. AAS also have varying degrees of androgenic and virilizing effects, including induction of the development and maintenance of masculinesecondary sexual characteristics such as the growth of the vocal cords and body hair. The word anabolic, referring to anabolism, comes from the Greek . The American College of Sports Medicine acknowledges that AAS, in the presence of adequate diet, can contribute to increases in body weight, often as lean mass increases and that the gains in muscular strength achieved through high- intensity exercise and proper diet can be additionally increased by the use of AAS in some individuals. Their use is referred to as doping and banned by most major sporting bodies. For many years, AAS have been by far the most detected doping substances in IOC- accredited laboratories. Testosterone is now nearly the only androgen used for this purpose and has been shown to increase height, weight, and fat- free mass in boys with delayed puberty. These sports include bodybuilding, weightlifting, shot put and other track and field, cycling, baseball, wrestling, mixed martial arts, boxing, football, and cricket. Such use is prohibited by the rules of the governing bodies of most sports. AAS use occurs among adolescents, especially by those participating in competitive sports. It has been suggested that the prevalence of use among high- school students in the U. S. Oral administration is the most convenient. Testosterone administered by mouth is rapidly absorbed, but it is largely converted to inactive metabolites, and only about 1/6 is available in active form. In order to be sufficiently active when given by mouth, testosterone derivatives are alkylated at the 1. This modification reduces the liver's ability to break down these compounds before they reach the systemic circulation. Testosterone can be administered parenterally, but it has more irregular prolonged absorption time and greater activity in muscle in enanthate, undecanoate, or cypionateester form. Explore this detailed and simple blood type diet chart for your blood type, and how to balance your omnivore diet for your body. Want to know more about eating for your blood type? This article shows what foods are good to eat on a blood type diet for blood type A.
These derivatives are hydrolyzed to release free testosterone at the site of injection; absorption rate (and thus injection schedule) varies among different esters, but medical injections are normally done anywhere between semi- weekly to once every 1. A more frequent schedule may be desirable in order to maintain a more constant level of hormone in the system. In addition, because estered testosterone is dissolved in oil, intravenous injection has the potential to cause a dangerous embolism (clot) in the bloodstream. Transdermal patches (adhesive patches placed on the skin) may also be used to deliver a steady dose through the skin and into the bloodstream. Testosterone- containing creams and gels that are applied daily to the skin are also available, but absorption is inefficient (roughly 1. Individuals who are especially physically active and/or bathe often may not be good candidates, since the medication can be washed off and may take up to six hours to be fully absorbed. There is also the risk that an intimate partner or child may come in contact with the application site and inadvertently dose himself or herself; children and women are highly sensitive to testosterone and can suffer unintended masculinization and health effects, even from small doses. Injection is the most common method used by individuals administering AAS for non- medical purposes. Studies indicate that the anabolic properties of AAS are relatively similar despite the differences in pharmacokinetic principles such as first- pass metabolism. However, the orally available forms of AAS may cause liver damage in high doses. AAS were ranked 1. Long- term steroid abusers may develop symptoms of dependence and withdrawal on discontinuation of AAS. Recreational AAS use appears to be associated with a range of potentially prolonged psychiatric effects, including dependence syndromes, mood disorders, and progression to other forms of substance abuse, but the prevalence and severity of these various effects remains poorly understood. As a result, AAS users may get misdiagnosed by a psychiatrist not told about their habit. Case reports describe both hypomania and mania, along with irritability, elation, recklessness, racing thoughts and feelings of power and invincibility that did not meet the criteria for mania/hypomania. Compared with individuals that did not use steroids, young adult males that used AAS reported greater involvement in violent behaviors even after controlling for the effects of key demographic variables, previous violent behavior, and polydrug use. The drug response was highly variable. However: 8. 4% of subjects exhibited minimal psychiatric effects, 1. The mechanism of these variable reactions could not be explained by demographic, psychological, laboratory, or physiological measures. There have been anecdotal reports of depression and suicide in teenage steroid users. A 1. 99. 2 review found that AAS may both relieve and cause depression, and that cessation or diminished use of AAS may also result in depression, but called for additional studies due to disparate data. Most of these side- effects are dose- dependent, the most common being elevated blood pressure, especially in those with pre- existing hypertension. For example, AAS may prematurely stop the lengthening of bones (premature epiphyseal fusion through increased levels of estrogen metabolites), resulting in stunted growth. Other effects include, but are not limited to, accelerated bone maturation, increased frequency and duration of erections, and premature sexual development. AAS use in adolescence is also correlated with poorer attitudes related to health. Development of breast tissue in males, a condition called gynecomastia (which is usually caused by high levels of circulating estradiol), may arise because of increased conversion of testosterone to estradiol by the enzyme aromatase. This side- effect is temporary; the size of the testicles usually returns to normal within a few weeks of discontinuing AAS use as normal production of sperm resumes. Alteration of fertility and ovarian cysts can also occur in females. The kidney damage in the bodybuilders has similarities to that seen in morbidly obese patients, but appears to be even more severe. Water- soluble peptide hormones cannot penetrate the fatty cell membrane and only indirectly affect the nucleus of target cells through their interaction with the cell’s surface receptors. However, as fat- soluble hormones, AAS are membrane- permeable and influence the nucleus of cells by direct action. The pharmacodynamic action of AAS begin when the exogenous hormone penetrates the membrane of the target cell and binds to an androgen receptor (AR) located in the cytoplasm of that cell. From there, the compound hormone- receptor diffuses into the nucleus, where it either alters the expression of genes. It has been hypothesized that this reduction in muscle breakdown may occur through AAS inhibiting the action of other steroid hormones called glucocorticoids that promote the breakdown of muscles. Through a number of mechanisms AAS stimulate the formation of muscle cells and hence cause an increase in the size of skeletal muscles, leading to increased strength. Depending on the length of use, the side effects of the steroid can be irreversible. Processes affected include pubertal growth, sebaceous gland oil production, and sexuality (especially in fetal development). Some examples of virilizing effects are growth of the clitoris in females and the penis in male children (the adult penis size does not change due to steroids. Men may develop an enlargement of breast tissue, known as gynecomastia, testicular atrophy, and a reduced sperm count. Compounds with a high ratio of androgenic to an anabolic effects are the drug of choice in androgen- replacement therapy (e. Determination of androgenic: anabolic ratio is typically performed in animal studies, which has led to the marketing of some compounds claimed to have anabolic activity with weak androgenic effects. This disassociation is less marked in humans, where all AAS have significant androgenic effects. The VP weight is an indicator of the androgenic effect, while the LA weight is an indicator of the anabolic effect. Two or more batches of rats are castrated and given no treatment and respectively some AAS of interest. The LA/VP ratio for an AAS is calculated as the ratio of LA/VP weight gains produced by the treatment with that compound using castrated but untreated rats as baseline: (LAc,t–LAc)/(VPc,t–VPc). The LA/VP weight gain ratio from rat experiments is not unitary for testosterone (typically 0. AAS, which have their androgenic: anabolic ratios scaled accordingly (as shown in the table above). Animal studies also found that fat mass was reduced, but most studies in humans failed to elucidate significant fat mass decrements. The effects on lean body mass have been shown to be dose- dependent. Both muscle hypertrophy and the formation of new muscle fibers have been observed. The hydration of lean mass remains unaffected by AAS use, although small increments of blood volume cannot be ruled out. After drug withdrawal, the effects fade away slowly, but may persist for more than 6–1. AAS use. Overall, the exercise where the most significant improvements were observed is the bench press. AR agonists are antigonadotropic – that is, they dose- dependently suppress gonadal testosterone production and hence reduce systemic testosterone concentrations. O Positive Blood Type Diet. What is O Positive Blood Type? A person's blood type is based on the antigens found in the blood. These antigens, A and B are found on the surface of the blood cells and are uses as markers in the body. Type O blood does not have A or B antigens on the red blood cells, but contains both types in the plasma. Blood types also contain a positive or negative mark depending on the presence of the Rhesus or Rh antigen. Those who have Rh markers in the blood have a positive blood type while those who lack Rh will have a negative blood type. Therefore those with an O positive blood type have no AB antigens in the blood, but do have an Rh antigen. This is the most common blood type available, and is commonly sought out for donations. Those with an O blood type can donate blood to those with A, B or O blood types without the worry that their blood will be rejected. O Positive Blood Type Diet. People with different blood types will need to consume or avoid different types of food in order to maintain their overall health. Different blood types stem from different bloodlines in human history, so you will be more likely to flourish if you consume a diet that is rich in the foods that would have been common in human diets during this time. Type O blood is the oldest bloodline so much of the O positive diet is based on providing nutrients that ancient people would have consumed. Those with an O positive bloodline will also need to get plenty of vigorous exercise as part of their diet routine to ensure that calories are burned effectively. Those with O positive blood are recommended to consume a high protein, low carbohydrate diet. Lean meats: lean meats should make up a majority of the diet to provide long- lasting energy. This is also beneficial to those who exercise frequently as it allows you to build muscle without having to eat an excessive amount of food. Fish such as cod, mackerel or herring are highly recommended as a lean protein source. Lean meats such as poultry or venison can also be eaten in high amounts. Pork, beef or other red meats can be eaten, but their quantities should be limited. Oil: when using cooking oils or adding oil to your diet, use lighter oils rather than those which are heavy. Corn, peanut or safflower oil can cause digestive distress to those with an O positive blood type. Instead, focus on consuming olive or flaxseed oil when cooking. Grains and dairy: people with this blood type do not digest grains and dairy products well. Their metabolism is often slow to digest these foods, which can lead to discomfort. High levels of grain can also spike the body's insulin rate, which will further slow your metabolism. Dairy should be avoided all together, as should foods rich in gluten or corn. When consuming grains, focus on eating whole grains such as rice, millet, buckwheat or rye and keep the portion sizes small to avoid harming the digestive system. Type O positive people of African ancestry often find they have trouble digesting eggs as well. Legumes: legumes and foods that inhibit the thyroid hormone can be very damaging to those with an O positive blood type. People with this blood type tend to have a low level of thyroid hormone in their system and frequently suffer from thyroid trouble. Consuming foods that increase this concern can result in excessive weight gain or an increased risk of blood clotting. Legumes also add lectins to the body which restrict the amount of physical activity that the muscles can perform and restrict your energy level. Foods in this category include corn, potatoes, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, eggplant, shiitake mushrooms, soybeans, avocados, coconut, kidney beans, Brazil nuts, lentils and cashews. Fruits: due to the high acidity in their stomachs, those with type O blood benefit from consuming fruits with alkaline properties. This includes berries, plums, pears, bananas, carrots, cucumbers and celery. Fresh fruit juices containing these elements can be especially beneficial to the type O diet. Drinks: those with this blood type also benefit from drinking green tea, Seltzer water and wine. These provide anti- oxidants and help to promote digestion which can help you maintain your overall health. However, products which are highly caffeinated can slow the digestive system, causing discomfort and increasing the risk of developing digestive disorders. Black tea and coffee are especially harmful to those with O positive blood types. Types of Foods. Recommended Foods. Foods to Avoid. Lean Meats. Fish, poultry, venison. Excessively fatty meats such as beef. Oil. Olive and flaxseed oil. Corn, peanut and safflower oil. Grains and Dairy. Small amounts of rice, millet, buckwheat or rye. Dairy, corn and gluten- based products. Eggs (those of African ancestry)Legumes. Berries, plums, pears, bananas, carrots, cucumbers and celery. Corn, potatoes, Brussels sprouts, cabbage, cauliflower, eggplant, shiitake mushrooms, soybeans, avocados, coconut, kidney beans, Brazil nuts, lentils, cashews, oranges. Drinks. Wine, Seltzer water and green tea. Caffeinated products such as coffee or black tea.
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